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Astrocytoma / Glioma
Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from brain cells called astrocytes. Gliomas originate from glial cells, most often astrocytes.
Atypical Teratoid / Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT)
This rare, high-grade tumor occurs most commonly in children younger than 2.
Brain Stem Glioma
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla located deep in the posterior part of the brain.
Choroid Plexus Tumor
The choroid plexus papilloma is a rare, benign tumor most common in children under the age of 2.
Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngiomas result from the growth of cells that have failed to migrate to their usual area just below the back of the skull early in fetal development.
Ependymoma
Ependymomas arise from cells lining the passageways in the brain that produce and store the cerebrospinal fluid or CSF.
Ganglioglioma
These rare, benign tumors arise from ganglia-type cells, which are groups of nerve cells.
Germ Cell Tumors (Brain)
The brain stem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla located deep in the posterior part of the brain.
Gliomatosis Cerebri
This condition is similar to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but the cells of gliomatosis cerebri are more scattered and widespread.
Infant Brain Tumors
Medulloblastoma and ependymal tumors account for about 50 percent of tumors.
Medulloblastoma / PNET
Medulloblastomas are tumors that arise in the posterior fossa region of the brain. The exact cell of origin is not known.
Oligodendroglioma
These tumors arise from oligodendrocytes, a type of supportive brain tissue...
Tumor Grades and Types
Tumor Grade
Types of Primary Brain Tumors
When most normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong. New cells form when the body doesn't need them, and old or damaged cells don't die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.
Primary brain tumors can be benign or malignant:
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells:
Usually, benign tumors can be removed, and they seldom grow back.
Benign brain tumors usually have an obvious border or edge. Cells from benign tumors rarely invade tissues around them. They don't spread to other parts of the body. However, benign tumors can press on sensitive areas of the brain and cause serious health problems.
Unlike benign tumors in most other parts of the body, benign brain tumors are sometimes life threatening.
Benign brain tumors may become malignant.
Malignant brain tumors (also called brain cancer) contain cancer cells:
Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious and often are a threat to life.
They are likely to grow rapidly and crowd or invade the nearby healthy brain tissue.
Cancer cells may break away from malignant brain tumors and spread to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord. They rarely spread to other parts of the body.
Tumor Grade
Doctors group brain tumors by grade. The grade of a tumor refers to the way the cells look under a microscope:
Grade I: The tissue is benign. The cells look nearly like normal brain cells, and they grow slowly.
Grade II: The tissue is malignant. The cells look less like normal cells than do the cells in a Grade I tumor.
Grade III: The malignant tissue has cells that look very different from normal cells. The abnormal cells are actively growing (anaplastic).
Grade IV: The malignant tissue has cells that look most abnormal and tend to grow quickly.
Cells from low-grade tumors (grades I and II) look more normal and generally grow more slowly than cells from high-grade tumors (grades III and IV).
Over time, a low-grade tumor may become a highgrade tumor. However, the change to a high-grade tumor happens more often among adults than children.
You may want to read the NCI fact sheet Tumor Grade.
Types of Primary Brain Tumors
There are many types of primary brain tumors. Primary brain tumors are named according to the type of cells or the part of the brain in which they begin. For example, most primary brain tumors begin in glial cells. This type of tumor is called a glioma.
Among adults, the most common types are:
Astrocytoma: The tumor arises from star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes. It can be any grade. In adults, an astrocytoma most often arises in the cerebrum.
Grade I or II astrocytoma: It may be called a low-grade glioma.
Grade III astrocytoma: It's sometimes called a high-grade or an anaplastic astrocytoma.
Grade IV astrocytoma: It may be called a glioblastoma or malignant astrocytic glioma.
Meningioma: The tumor arises in the meninges. It can be grade I, II, or III. It's usually benign (grade I) and grows slowly.
Oligodendroglioma: The tumor arises from cells that make the fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. It usually occurs in the cerebrum. It's most common in middle-aged adults. It can be grade II or III.
Among children, the most common types are:
Medulloblastoma: The tumor usually arises in the cerebellum. It's sometimes called a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. It is grade IV.
Grade I or II astrocytoma: In children, this lowgrade tumor occurs anywhere in the brain. The most common astrocytoma among children is juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. It's grade I.
Ependymoma: The tumor arises from cells that line the ventricles or the central canal of the spinal cord. It's most commonly found in children and young adults. It can be grade I, II, or III.
Brain stem glioma: The tumor occurs in the lowest part of the brain. It can be a low-grade or high-grade tumor. The most common type is diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma .
You can find more information about types of brain tumors at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/brain. Or, you can call the NCI Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
