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Giorgio's blog: "Life."

created on 04/01/2007  |  http://fubar.com/life/b70067
Roast Turkey with Gravy From Food Network Kitchens How to Boil Water, Meredith, 2006 1 (12 to 14 pound) turkey Kosher salt Freshly ground black pepper 2 medium onions 1 head garlic Several sprigs of fresh herbs, such as thyme, parsley, rosemary, or sage 2 bay leaves 2 to 4 medium carrots 2 to 4 celery stalks 8 tablespoons unsalted butter 8 cups chicken broth (about 4 small cans or 2 quart boxes) 1/2 cup all-purpose flour Dash Worcestershire sauce Apple Cranberry Dressing, recipe follows Special equipment: large roasting pan, pastry brush or bulb baster, instant-read thermometer Adjust an oven rack to the lowest position and remove the other racks. Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Remove the neck and giblets from the turkey. Discard the liver, set the others aside. Dry the turkey inside and out with paper towels. Season the breast cavity with salt and pepper. Slice the onions and halve the garlic head crosswise. Stuff all the garlic and half the onions inside the turkey along with some of the herbs and 1 bay leaf. Halve the carrots and celery lengthwise; put them in the center of roasting pan and set the turkey, breast side up, on top of the vegetables. Melt the butter in a medium saucepan, and brush about half of it all over the bird, season the skin with salt and pepper. Tent turkey with aluminum foil and roast for 2 hours. Set aside about 3 tablespoons of the butter for basting the bird. Cook the rest of the onion, neck and giblets in the remaining butter in the saucepan, over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally until browned, about 15 minutes. Add the broth, remaining herbs, and bay leaf; cover and simmer over medium-low heat while the turkey roasts, about 2 hours. Discard the giblets if desired, or reserve for giblets gravy. After 2 hours, remove the foil from the turkey and use a pastry brush or bulb baster to baste turkey with the reserved butter and some of the pan drippings. Increase oven temperature to 425 degrees F and continue to roast until an instant-read thermometer stuck in the thigh registers between 170 and 180 degrees F, about 1 hour more. Transfer turkey to a cutting board and let rest 15 to 20 minutes before carving. For the Gravy: Pour all the turkey pan drippings into a liquid measuring cup and discard the vegetables. Ladle off 1/2 cup of the fat from the top of the drippings, and transfer to a saucepan. (Put measuring cup with remaining drippings and fat in the freezer for a few minutes to separate.) Heat fat over medium heat, scatter the flour evenly on top and cook, stirring constantly, with a wooden spoon until the flour browns slightly and smells toasty, about 4 minutes. Switch to a whisk; then gradually and carefully ladle the hot broth into the flour mixture while whisking constantly. Bring the gravy to a boil; adjust the heat so it simmers gently. Skim and discard any excess fat from the remaining drippings, and add the pan juices to the gravy. Continue to simmer, whisking occasionally, until the gravy is thickened, about 10 minutes. Season with the Worcestershire, salt, and pepper. Remove and discard onion, garlic, herbs, and bay leaf from the turkey cavity. Pour any juices that have accumulated into the gravy, Carve the turkey. Apple-Cranberry Dressing: 6 tablespoons unsalted butter, plus more for the pan 1 pound sliced country white sandwich bread 1 large cooking apple, such as Gravenstein, or Golden Delicious 1 medium onion 2 ribs celery with leaves 1/2 cup dried apricots Handful fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves 1/4 cup dried cranberries 2 to 3 sprigs fresh thyme 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt Pinch fennel seeds, optional 3 cups chicken broth (about 1 1/2 small cans) 1 large egg 2 tablespoons turkey or chicken pan drippings or melted butter Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Butter a shallow 3-quart casserole. Cut or tear bread into bite-size pieces. Lay bread pieces in a single layer on 1 or 2 baking sheets. Bake until slightly dry and crisp, about 15 to 20 minutes. Cool. Peel, core, and coarsely chop the apple. Coarsely chop the onion, celery, and apricots. Chop the parsley. Melt the 6 tablespoons butter in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the apple, onion, celery, apricots, cranberries, thyme, salt, and fennel seeds; cook until soft, about 5 minutes. Add the broth and parsley and bring to a boil. Remove from the heat. Beat the egg in a large bowl. Add the toasted bread and the onion and fruit mixture; toss until evenly moistened. Loosely pack the dressing into the prepared pan. Bake, uncovered, until the top is crusty, about 40 minutes. Drizzle the pan drippings or melted butter over the top. Cook until the top is crisp and golden, about 20 minutes more. Tips: Put the dressing in the oven during the last hour of cooking the turkey Upgrades or Make it your Own: Cook pork sausage until brown and crispy in the skillet. Remove to a plate and cook vegetables and fruit in the residual fat. Stir sausage into stuffing just before baking. Yield: 8 to 10 servings Prep Time: 20 minutes Cook Time: 1 hour 20 minutes Ease of preparation: easy For my fellow Canadians who are celebrating our thanksgiving "HAPPY THANKSGIVING" now let's eat!
Potato 'fuel of human evolution' potatoes The average Brit eats 500 medium-sized potatoes each year Man's ability to digest starchy foods like the potato may explain our success on the planet, genetic work suggests. Compared with primates, humans have many more copies of a gene essential for breaking down calorie-rich starches, Nature Genetics reports. And these extra calories may have been crucial for feeding the larger brains of humans, speculate the University of California Santa Cruz authors. Previously, experts had wondered if meat in the diet was the answer. Brain food However, Dr Nathaniel Dominy and colleagues argue this is improbable. "Even when you look at modern human hunter-gatherers, meat is a relatively small fraction of their diet. "To think that, two to four million years ago, a small-brained, awkwardly bipedal animal could efficiently acquire meat, even by scavenging, just doesn't make a whole lot of sense." They discovered humans carry extra copies of a gene, called AMY1, which is essential for making the salivary enzyme amylase that digests starch. Survival benefit Next the team studied groups of humans with differing diets and found those with high-starch diets tended to have more copies of AMY1 than individuals from populations with low-starch diets. For example, the Yakut of the Arctic, whose traditional diet centres around fish, had fewer copies than the related Japanese, whose diet includes starchy foods like rice. The researchers believe our earliest human ancestors began searching for new food sources other than the ripe fruits that primates eat. evolution Man has a larger skull capacity than other primates These were starches, stored by plants in the form of underground tubers and bulbs - wild versions of modern-day foods like carrots, potatoes, and onions. In work earlier this year, the team found that animals eating tubers and bulbs produce body tissues with a chemical signature that matches what has been measured in early fossilised humans. Dr Dominy said that when early humans mastered fire, cooking starchy vegetables would have made them even easier to eat. At the same time it would have made extra amylase gene copies an even more valuable trait. "We roast tubers, and we eat French fries and baked potatoes. When you cook, you can afford to eat less overall, because the food is easier to digest." And marginal food resources can become part of the staple diet. "Now you can have population growth and expand into new territories." Speculation Professor John Dupré, a professor of philosophy of science at Exeter University in the UK, urged caution when interpreting the findings. He said it was impossible to conclude that the introduction of starchy foods into the diet lies behind the emergence of larger brains in humans. "Lots of things differ between ourselves and our closest relatives and apart from the difficulty of establishing the relative places in the evolutionary sequence of any of these, the assumption that there is any one fundamental to such change is dubious. "The results on amylase genes are quite interesting, and a good indication of something we are beginning to appreciate more widely - the functional plasticity of the genome." From the BBC News Service.
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